Symptoms & Causes
Postpartum thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that occurs within the first year after childbirth. It often involves two phases, each with distinct symptoms, and its exact cause is still not fully understood.
Symptoms
Postpartum thyroiditis typically presents in two phases:
Hyperthyroid Phase (Thyrotoxicosis):
- Anxiety
- Irritability
- Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
- Unexplained weight loss
- Increased sensitivity to heat
- Fatigue
- Tremors
- Insomnia
These symptoms usually appear 1 to 4 months after delivery.
Hypothyroid Phase:
- Fatigue
- Weight gain
- Constipation
- Dry skin
- Depression
- Cold intolerance
- Muscle weakness
These symptoms generally develop 4 to 8 months after delivery.
Causes
The exact cause of postpartum thyroiditis is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune reaction. Several factors may increase the risk of developing this condition:
- Autoimmune diseases: Women with a history of autoimmune disorders, such as Type 1 diabetes or a previous thyroid disorder (e.g., Hashimoto's thyroiditis), are at higher risk.
- Family history: A family history of thyroid problems increases the likelihood of developing postpartum thyroiditis.
- Previous postpartum thyroiditis: Women who have had postpartum thyroiditis in a previous pregnancy are more likely to develop it again.
- Presence of thyroid antibodies: Women with thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO antibodies) are at a higher risk.
Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests measuring thyroid hormone levels (TSH, T3, T4) and thyroid antibodies. Treatment may vary depending on the phase and severity of the condition. Most women recover within 12 to 18 months after the onset, but some may develop permanent hypothyroidism and require long-term thyroid hormone replacement.